国内外有机肥标准对比及风险评价

中国是人口最多的发展中国家，生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大，堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式，而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源，规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生，针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状，本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标，对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析，为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准，在具体指标要求方面优于美国，但和欧盟相比还有差距，比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失，对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格，长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值，严重影响农作物安全；同时，由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素，加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺，农户施用时缺乏指导，监管部门执法不严等因素，我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此，进一步完善有机肥标准体系，强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制，要求选用原料批批检，加大准入和过程的落实力度，才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。     

围场县马铃薯中典型药物污染特征及健康风险评价

为掌握典型药物在农作物中的污染特征及健康风险,保障农产品质量安全,利用超声萃取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,对围场县全县马铃薯中5大类(磺胺类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类及其他类)25种药物污染水平及富集效果进行了调查,并对健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,有20种目标物被检出,不同目标物检出率差异显著,检出含量范围为0.13～3.67μg·kg-1,单种污染物最高检出含量为17.0μg·kg-1。马铃薯对目标污染物的富集系数范围在0.01～39.6之间,最大富集系数为61.8。畜禽粪便是马铃薯中药物残留的主要来源,尽管整体检出水平和健康风险相对较低,但长期摄入与协同作用引发的潜在健康风险不容忽视。因此,仍需严控污染源头,推进畜禽粪便安全资源化利用,确保农田环境质量及农产品安全品质。     

农业科研副产品处置的困境及对策探讨

文章阐述了农业科研单位对科研副产品管理的现状及面临的问题,分析了农业科研副产品投入与产出的关系,并提出了以绩效考评为依据的科研副产品处置收入分配方式,从而达到优化科研人员收入分配机制的目的。     

FAHP-GIS在FAST台址单体滑坡危险性评价中的应用

[目的]研究贵州省平塘县500 m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)工程台址光明顶滑坡的危险性及其区划,为该区及相似地区的滑坡灾害监测与防治提供参考依据。[方法]选取地形地貌、岩性岩组、地质构造、人类工程活动及灾害历史等作为一级评价指标,在此基础上发展二级评价指标,运用GIS技术构建基于模糊层次法(FAHP)的滑坡危险性评价指标体系,并完全参与对指标隶属度矩阵的运算,开展针对喀斯特单体滑坡危险性评价研究。[结果]光明顶坡体总体居于中危险和低危险水平,局部高危险,高危险区域主要位于1 H馈源塔和断层破碎带区域的3个支撑柱附近,高危险区约占研究区面积的4%。[结论]光明顶坡体存在安全隐患,已经对精密的射电望远镜设施的安全运行构成威胁。本文评价结果与实际情况基本相符,评价方法在单体滑坡危险性评价研究方面具有创新性,且可操作。     

基于遥感数据的大尺度区域水田空间格局及生态服务价值变化分析

受经济和气候驱动，长江经济带水田空间格局发生了显著变化，影响区域粮食安全与生态安全。本研究基于1990-2015年土地利用遥感监测数据，利用GIS的空间分析功能，探究长江经济带水田空间格局动态变化特征，采用当量因子法计算生态系统服务价值（ESV），分析了水田变化的综合影响。结果表明：1）1990-2015年长江经济带水田规模持续缩减，共减少了17390km²，减幅呈增长态势具有显著地域差异，长江中上游与下游的水田减幅相差约为9.56%。其中下游减幅较大，水田占区域比例随之降低，中上游恰好相反。2）由于经济建设及水产养殖的发展，水田主要转化为建设用地和水系，水田主要由水系、旱地和湿地等转化而来。长江三角洲城市群、长江中游及成渝城市群的水田变化最为剧烈，建设用地侵占水田扩张的现象分布广泛，水田转为水系主要在两湖平原局部地区。3）水田与其他生态系统的转化对ESV是正影响，水田转为水系对此贡献最大，其转化规模决定了不同时期ESV净增量的大小，水系转化为水田损失的价值最多，建设用地侵占水田次之。不同市域的水田变化情况不一致，因此ESV增减情况具有明显差异。4）生态系统服务中水文调节、水资源供给增强的同时，食物生产、气体调节受到严重损害，与水资源规模扩大和水田资源大量流失有直接关系。研究结果有助于揭示长江流域水田的时空变化过程及其对各项生态系统服务的影响，可为区域土地利用规划、农业政策与生态可持续发展提供理论支持。     

Establishment techniques affect productivity,nutritive value and atmospheric N2 fixation of two sunn hemp cultivars

Nitrogen fertilization is a common practice for sustaining forage production in forage systems in southeastern United States. Warm-season annual legumes may be an alternative forage to warm-season perennial grasses that do not require N fertilization. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a fast-growing, warm-season annual legume native to India and Pakistan. The objective of this 2-year study was to assess the herbage accumulation (HA), atmospheric N₂ fixation (ANF) and nutritive value of sunn hemp. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of two sunn hemp cultivars (“Crescent Sun” and “Blue Leaf”), three seeding rates (17, 28 and 39 kg seed/ha) and seed inoculation (inoculated or non-inoculated seeds), distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Crescent sun had greater HA (3,218 vs. 1764 kg DM/ha) and ANF (41 vs. 25 kg N/ha). Blue leaf had greater crude protein (CP) (188 vs. 176 g/kg) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentrations (564 vs. 531 g/kg) than crescent sun. Non-inoculated seed had greater CP than inoculated seed, 188 and 177 g/kg, respectively, and inoculation did not affect HA. Intermediate seeding rate (28 kg/ha) decreased HA (2002 kg DM/ha), while HA from high and low seeding rates (17 and 39 kg/ha, respectively) did not differ (2,863 and 2,615 kg DM/ha respectively). Planting non-inoculated crescent sun at 17 kg/ha seeding rate is a feasible management practice to produce sunn hemp in subtropical regions; however, inoculation should always be recommended for proper establishment.     

A proposal for enhanced EU herbage VCU and DUS testing procedures

Herbage production is regarded as having environment-friendly credentials. However, as the ruminant production it supports is facing major challenges on sustainability, environmental footprint and human health concerns, EU herbage cultivar testing must contribute to the solutions. Before new cultivars can be sold in a member state (MS) and gain EU-wide marketing, they must pass official tests to prove they are both novel (distinct, uniform and stable, DUS) with improved value for cultivation and use (VCU). Herbage species present specific challenges, as their allogamy imposes a wide within-cultivar variation that adds complexity to DUS tests and their “value” is only realized in ruminant produce. Current VCU systems measure production, chemical composition and disease/stress tolerances, often on large numbers of candidate cultivars, but prohibitive labour costs and logistics mean that animal intake, ruminant output or environmental benefits cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, some candidate cultivars with proven superior VCU fail DUS even though the non-distinct comparison is with a significantly lower performing registered cultivar. To resolve these problem cases, a “vmDUS” distinctness tool is proposed, which uses molecular markers but conforms to UPOV-declared principles. A short overview of current grassland research shows smart proxy measures of animal value can easily and quickly be adopted into an integrated pan-European (EU-VCU) test network. The proposed EU-VCU scheme will reallocate test resources to conduct these additional tests by placing MS in data sharing collaborations, while retaining their national listing authority. The benefits to all stakeholders from adopting these new testing procedures are considered.     

Biochemical and morphological risk assessment of transgenic wheat with enhanced iron and zinc bioaccessibility

Decreased iron and zinc bioaccessibility, caused by the anti-nutrient phytic acid, is one of the leading reasons for micronutrient deficiency-related disorders. Biofortification of wheat with phytase gene to enhance iron and zinc bioaccessibility appears to be a fitting solution for this problem, especially in developing countries where most of the population belongs to the lower economic sector. However, societal views on crops, particularly crops that are genetically modified (GM) to express a new trait, needs to be changed. Risk assessment of GM crops can play a crucial role in fostering positive public perception, since it is imperative to ensure safety before allowing human consumption. The present study performed compositional and morphological risk assessment of T3 and T4 generations of phytase transgenic wheat by comparing their biochemical and morphological traits. Transgenic plants were analysed for their carbohydrate, protein, starch and phytic acid content along with iron bioaccessibility, zinc bioaccessibility and phytase enzyme activity. Morphological traits studied included plant height, seed number, seed weight and spike number. No significant differences were observed for carbohydrate, protein, starch content and for morphological traits; however, a significant increase was observed in phytase activity as well as iron and zinc bioaccessibility, which correlated with a significant decrease in phytic acid. These results demonstrate that phytase transgenic wheat is as native as local wheat varieties and can potentially increase iron and zinc bioaccessibility.     

不同状态培养基下pH对香菇、滑菇及金针菇漆酶活性的影响

考察不同物理状态培养基条件下pH对香菇、滑菇、金针菇漆酶活性的影响,为香菇、滑菇、金针菇的栽培提供重要参考。固化培养基以及液体培养基以NaOH作为碱化剂,固体培养基以壳灰作为碱化剂,考察不同pH对3种食用菌漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：微碱化培养可提高3种不同食用菌的漆酶活力,并与培养基的物理状态有关。香菇在固化、液体、固体培养基中,pH分别为6.5、6.5以及6.0时漆酶活性最高,比对照提高5.3%~14.0%;金针菇适宜的pH分别为7.0、6.0和6.5,与对照相比提高35.9%~343.0%;滑菇适宜的pH均为6.0,与对照相比提高3.1%~94.9%。     

基于点评估方法的两广地区番木瓜中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估两广地区番木瓜中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,采集了广东、广西地区40个生产基地的番木瓜样品进行测试分析,研究其生产过程中使用的杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂和植物生长调节剂等各种农药残留情况,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果显示,40批次番木瓜中检出农药残留32批次;在检出的32份番木瓜样品中,检出率超过10%的有咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑5种农药,检出率分别为51.1%、21.5%、13.3%、11.1%、10.9%。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在10%以上的咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑,进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI）评估、急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD）评估,并进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示：检出的5种农药%ADI均低于100.00%,为0.00023%~0.0059%;%ARfD远低于100%,为0.50%~28.3%,5种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性的摄入风险高于男性;5种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为咪鲜胺>啶虫脒>苯醚甲环唑>多菌灵>吡虫啉,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用番木瓜摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。